{"id":1843,"date":"2018-09-30T18:44:00","date_gmt":"2018-09-30T23:44:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.internetandpsychiatry.com\/wp\/?p=1843"},"modified":"2022-01-22T13:22:55","modified_gmt":"2022-01-22T18:22:55","slug":"examination-of-spirituality-and-the-dimensions-of-spirituality-among-803-students-in-seven-different-universities-hungary-romania-and-serbia","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.internetandpsychiatry.com\/wp\/research-papers\/examination-of-spirituality-and-the-dimensions-of-spirituality-among-803-students-in-seven-different-universities-hungary-romania-and-serbia\/","title":{"rendered":"Examination of spirituality and the dimensions of spirituality among 803 students in seven different Universities. Hungary, Romania and Serbia."},"content":{"rendered":"

S\u00e1ndor Kalm\u00e1r, M.D., Ph.D.<\/em><\/p>\n

Introduction<\/strong><\/p>\n

This study is based on a part of an International Survey. In 2012-2013 Professor Aurel Nirestean, Emese Luk\u00e1cs (Tirgu Mures, Romania) and our colleagues made an examination in eight secondary schools and seven Universities in three countries. This article contains the examination of spirituality among university students.<\/p>\n

\u201dSpirituality is a distinctive, potentially creative and universal dimension of human experience arising both within the inner subjective awareness of individuals and within communities, social groups and traditions. It may be experienced as a relationship with that which is intimately ‘inner’, immanent and personal, within the self and others, and as relationship with that which is wholly ‘other’, transcendent and beyond the self. It is experienced as being of fundamental or ultimate importance and is thus concerned with matters of meaning and purpose in life, truth and values.\u201d (Royal College of Psychiatrists UK)<\/strong><\/p>\n

We live in an age suffering from spiritual illiteracy (both within and outside psychiatry) which has made some difficulties. In contrast to the scientific frame of psychiatry, most people in the world are religious and hold beliefs about God as important. Many people report specific religious experience of a transcendental nature without any psychiatric disorders. We need to distinguish between spirituality and religion. Although the spirituality and the religion are closely related notions the spirituality is a much broader concept than religion. SPIRITUALITY: individual, personal, subjective, informal, inside, emotional, transcendental, non systematic. RELIGION: has physical, mental, cultural aspects, authoritarian, institutional, regular, communal, formal, outside, systematic, methodical.<\/p>\n

Spirituality significantly correlated with i. well-being, ii. hope iii. optimism, iv. purpose and meaning in life, v. higher self esteem, vi. bereavment adaptation, vii. greater social support, viii. less loneliness, ix. lower rates of depression and faster, recovery from depression, x. lower rates of suicide, xi. fewer positive attitudes towards suicide, xii. less anxiety, xiii. less psychosis and fewer psychotic tendencies, xiv. lower rates of alcohol use and smoking, xv. lower rates of psychoactive substance use and abuse, xvi. less delinquency and criminal activity, xvii. greater marital stability. (Cook, Powel, Sims, 2009) <\/strong><\/p>\n

The General Social Survey (GSS) examines the spirituality with the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale in the U.S. every second year. (Underwood, 2006)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Table 1. General Social Survey (GSS) data 2005. Percentages of total respondents to the item.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nDaily Spiritual Experience Scale<\/strong><\/td>\nPresence<\/strong><\/td>\nLack<\/strong><\/td>\nMean<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1-2-3<\/strong><\/td>\n6<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1<\/td>\nI feel God\u2019s presence.<\/td>\n37.2<\/td>\n22.4<\/td>\n3.96<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2<\/td>\nI feel a connection to all of life.<\/td>\n35.3<\/td>\n13.0<\/td>\n3.91<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3<\/td>\nDuring worship, or at other times when connecting with
\nGod I feel joy which lifts me out of my daily concerns<\/td>\n		44.8<\/td>\n14.3<\/td>\n3.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4<\/td>\nI feel strength in my religion or spirituality.<\/td>\n33.3<\/td>\n18.8<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5<\/td>\nI feel comfort in my religion or spirituality.<\/td>\n29.7<\/td>\n19.4<\/td>\n4.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6<\/td>\nI feel deep inner peace or harmony.<\/td>\n34.1<\/td>\n14.7<\/td>\n3.97<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7<\/td>\nI ask for God\u2019s help in the midst of daily activities.<\/td>\n40.5<\/td>\n22.3<\/td>\n3.89<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8<\/td>\nI feel guided by God in the midst of daily activities.<\/td>\n42.9<\/td>\n17.4<\/td>\n3.73<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9<\/td>\nI feel God\u2019s love for me directly.<\/td>\n35.1<\/td>\n20.8<\/td>\n3.96<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10<\/td>\nI feel God\u2019s love for me through others.<\/td>\n40.7<\/td>\n15.0<\/td>\n3.76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11<\/td>\nI am spiritually touched by the beauty of creation.<\/td>\n25.7<\/td>\n20.3<\/td>\n4.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12<\/td>\nI feel thankful for my blessings.<\/td>\n11.2<\/td>\n30.9<\/td>\n4.88<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13<\/td>\nI feel a selfless caring for others.<\/td>\n29.1<\/td>\n14.1<\/td>\n4.14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14<\/td>\nI accept others even when they do things I think are wrong.<\/td>\n27.3<\/td>\n10.7<\/td>\n4.09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15<\/td>\nI desire to be closer to God or in union wih the divine.<\/td>\n33.9<\/td>\n18.2<\/td>\n4.06<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16<\/td>\nIn general how close do you feel to God?<\/td>\n52.8<\/td>\n10.2<\/td>\n2.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Methods<\/strong><\/p>\n

803 university students (201 boys, 602 girls) in seven different Univerities an Colleges in three countries (Hungary, Romania, Serbia) took part in this study with testing the self-report questionnaire, the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale. This scale is used more than twenty countries all over the world. (<\/strong>Underwood, Teresi, 2002; <\/strong>Underwood<\/strong>, 2012<\/strong>).<\/strong> The main goal of the present study was to investigate the spirituality and the following 16 items and ten constructs of spirituality among university students in seven different Univerities an Colleges in three countries.<\/p>\n

The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (DSES)<\/strong> is an instrument designed to provide researchers with a self-report measure of spiritual experiences as an important aspect of how religiousness\/spirituality is expressed in daily life for many people. The sixteen-item scale includes constructs such as 1. Connection with the divine or transcendent. 2. Joy, Transcendent sense of self. 3. Strength and Comfort. (Faith) 4. Peace, harmony. 5. Divine help, Divine inspiration (Hope) 6. (Divine guidance perceived love. 7. Perceptions of divine love, awe.<\/em> 8. Thankfulness, appreciation, gratitude. 9. Compassionate love: \u201dspirituality in action\u201d. 10. Union and closeness. (In general how close do you feel to God?) (Underwood, 2006)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Participant<\/strong> Universities and Colleges<\/strong>: <\/strong>1. Primary Teacher Training College, Kecskem\u00e9t, [TT-KMT] 2. Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Automation, Kecskem\u00e9t, [GAMF-Kmt] 3. The University of P\u00e9cs, [P\u00c9CS] Faculty of Law, 4. E\u00f6tv\u00f6s J\u00f3zsef Primary Training College, Baja, [BAJA] 5. University of Novi Sad Hungarian Teachers Training Faculty in Subotica, [TT-SUBOT] 6. University of Novi Sad Hungarian Kindergarten Training Faculty in Subotica, [KINDER-G-SUBOT] (Serbia) 7. University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures [TM] (Romania)<\/p>\n

Results<\/strong><\/p>\n

Religiosus distribution of university students <\/strong>of seven Universities and Colleges<\/strong><\/p>\n

Roman catholic: 45.3%, ii. Ortodox: 27.1%, iii. Calvinist: 9.7%, iv. Lutheran: 1.2%, v. Others: 6.4%, vi. Non religious or atheist: 10.3%<\/p>\n

Measure of spirituality-items of male university students <\/strong>of seven Universities and Colleges<\/strong><\/p>\n

Table 2. Measure of spirituality-items of male<\/strong> university students<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n1-TT-K<\/strong><\/td>\n2-GAMF<\/strong><\/td>\n3-P\u00c9CS<\/strong><\/td>\n4-TT-
\nBAJA<\/strong><\/td>\n		5-KINDER-G-
\nSUBOT<\/strong><\/td>\n		6-TT-
\nSUBOT<\/strong><\/td>\n		7-TM<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
male<\/strong><\/td>\n4<\/strong><\/td>\n75<\/strong><\/td>\n4<\/strong><\/td>\n5<\/strong><\/td>\n7<\/strong><\/td>\n26<\/strong><\/td>\n80<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n2.28<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n2.6<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n3.15<\/td>\n3.38<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n2.6<\/td>\n3.5<\/td>\n2.2<\/td>\n2.29<\/td>\n3.23<\/td>\n2.64<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n2.12<\/td>\n2.75<\/td>\n1.8<\/td>\n2.43<\/td>\n2.85<\/td>\n3.15<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n2.37<\/td>\n3.25<\/td>\n2.2<\/td>\n2.57<\/td>\n3.12<\/td>\n3.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.<\/td>\n3.75<\/td>\n2.15<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n2.43<\/td>\n3.19<\/td>\n3.16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.<\/td>\n3.25<\/td>\n2.68<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n3.4<\/td>\n2.29<\/td>\n3.35<\/td>\n3.46<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.<\/td>\n2.75<\/td>\n2.28<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n1.6<\/td>\n2.71<\/td>\n3.31<\/td>\n3.26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.<\/td>\n2.25<\/td>\n2.08<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n1.6<\/td>\n2.71<\/td>\n2.92<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.<\/td>\n2.25<\/td>\n2.07<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n2.2<\/td>\n2.43<\/td>\n2.85<\/td>\n3.14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.<\/td>\n1.75<\/td>\n2.13<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n2.2<\/td>\n1.86<\/td>\n2.85<\/td>\n2.78<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n2.2<\/td>\n3.5<\/td>\n2.2<\/td>\n1.71<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n3.05<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n2.59<\/td>\n3.75<\/td>\n2.4<\/td>\n3.28<\/td>\n3.85<\/td>\n3.65<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13.<\/td>\n3.5<\/td>\n3.41<\/td>\n4.25<\/td>\n4.6<\/td>\n3.71<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n3.91<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14.<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n3.33<\/td>\n3.25<\/td>\n3.6<\/td>\n3.57<\/td>\n4.19<\/td>\n3.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15.<\/td>\n1.75<\/td>\n2.03<\/td>\n2.75<\/td>\n1.6<\/td>\n2.57<\/td>\n2.92<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.<\/td>\n2.25<\/td>\n1.57<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n1.8<\/td>\n1.57<\/td>\n2.04<\/td>\n2.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
average<\/strong><\/td>\n2.69<\/strong><\/td>\n2.34<\/strong><\/td>\n2.94<\/strong><\/td>\n2.37<\/strong><\/td>\n2.51<\/strong><\/td>\n3.14<\/strong><\/td>\n3.16<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Measure of spirituality-items of female university students <\/strong>of seven Universities and Colleges<\/strong><\/p>\n

Table 3. Measure of spirituality-items of female<\/strong> university students<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n1-TT-K<\/strong><\/td>\n2-GAMF<\/strong><\/td>\n3-P\u00c9CS<\/strong><\/td>\n4-TT-BAJA<\/strong><\/td>\n5-KINDER-G-
\nSUBOT<\/strong><\/td>\n		6-TT-
\nSUBOT<\/strong><\/td>\n		7-TM<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
female<\/strong><\/td>\n111<\/strong><\/td>\n55<\/strong><\/td>\n23<\/strong><\/td>\n11<\/strong><\/td>\n49<\/strong><\/td>\n115<\/strong><\/td>\n238<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n2.45<\/td>\n2.48<\/td>\n3.27<\/td>\n2.8<\/td>\n3.19<\/td>\n3.66<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.<\/td>\n2.97<\/td>\n2.91<\/td>\n2.57<\/td>\n3.27<\/td>\n3.06<\/td>\n3.1<\/td>\n2.47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.<\/td>\n2.68<\/td>\n2.25<\/td>\n2.39<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n2.71<\/td>\n3.16<\/td>\n3.55<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.<\/td>\n3.15<\/td>\n2.58<\/td>\n2.43<\/td>\n3.55<\/td>\n2.92<\/td>\n3.17<\/td>\n3.47<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.<\/td>\n3.06<\/td>\n2.55<\/td>\n2.26<\/td>\n3.36<\/td>\n2.73<\/td>\n3.3<\/td>\n3.61<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.<\/td>\n3.23<\/td>\n2.98<\/td>\n2.74<\/td>\n3.45<\/td>\n3.27<\/td>\n3.32<\/td>\n3.62<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.<\/td>\n3.03<\/td>\n2.62<\/td>\n2.74<\/td>\n3.36<\/td>\n3.08<\/td>\n3.44<\/td>\n3.94<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.<\/td>\n2.9<\/td>\n2.31<\/td>\n2.39<\/td>\n3.18<\/td>\n2.92<\/td>\n3.17<\/td>\n3.76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.<\/td>\n2.93<\/td>\n2.2<\/td>\n2.43<\/td>\n3.0<\/td>\n2.8<\/td>\n3.15<\/td>\n3.56<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.<\/td>\n2.72<\/td>\n2.16<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n2.91<\/td>\n2.39<\/td>\n2.51<\/td>\n3.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.<\/td>\n2.95<\/td>\n2.36<\/td>\n2.17<\/td>\n3.09<\/td>\n2.71<\/td>\n2.65<\/td>\n3.24<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.<\/td>\n3.72<\/td>\n2.96<\/td>\n3.22<\/td>\n3.55<\/td>\n3.76<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n1.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13.<\/td>\n3.95<\/td>\n3.91<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n4.64<\/td>\n4.1<\/td>\n4.17<\/td>\n4.09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14.<\/td>\n3.67<\/td>\n3.38<\/td>\n3.7<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n3.98<\/td>\n3.81<\/td>\n4.01<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15.<\/td>\n2.65<\/td>\n2.16<\/td>\n1.96<\/td>\n2.73<\/td>\n2.37<\/td>\n2.57<\/td>\n3.37<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.<\/td>\n1.99<\/td>\n1.78<\/td>\n1.74<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n1.92<\/td>\n2.21<\/td>\n2.09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
average<\/strong><\/td>\n3.04<\/strong><\/td>\n2.6<\/strong><\/td>\n2.58<\/strong><\/td>\n3.27<\/strong><\/td>\n2.97<\/strong><\/td>\n3.16<\/strong><\/td>\n3.53<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Measure of spirituality-items of university students of seven Universities and Colleges<\/strong><\/p>\n

Table 4. Measure of spirituality-items of university students (total)<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n1-TT-K<\/strong><\/td>\n2-GAMF<\/strong><\/td>\n3-P\u00c9CS<\/strong><\/td>\n4-TT-BAJA<\/strong><\/td>\n5-KINDER-G-<\/strong>
\nSUBOT<\/strong><\/td>\n		6-TT-<\/strong>
\nSUBOT<\/strong><\/td>\n		7-TM<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
total<\/strong><\/td>\n115<\/strong><\/td>\n130<\/strong><\/td>\n27<\/strong><\/td>\n16<\/strong><\/td>\n56<\/strong><\/td>\n141<\/strong><\/td>\n318<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.<\/td>\n2.98<\/td>\n2.35<\/td>\n2.41<\/td>\n3.06<\/td>\n2.7<\/td>\n3.18<\/td>\n3.59<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.<\/td>\n2.96<\/td>\n2.73<\/td>\n2.7<\/td>\n2.94<\/td>\n2.96<\/td>\n3.13<\/td>\n2.51<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.<\/td>\n2.67<\/td>\n2.18<\/td>\n2.44<\/td>\n2.63<\/td>\n2.68<\/td>\n3.1<\/td>\n3.45<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.<\/td>\n3.18<\/td>\n2.43<\/td>\n2.56<\/td>\n3.13<\/td>\n2.88<\/td>\n3.16<\/td>\n3.37<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.<\/td>\n3.09<\/td>\n2.32<\/td>\n2.37<\/td>\n2.94<\/td>\n2.7<\/td>\n3.06<\/td>\n3.49<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.<\/td>\n3.23<\/td>\n2.81<\/td>\n2.78<\/td>\n3.44<\/td>\n3.14<\/td>\n3.33<\/td>\n3.58<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.<\/td>\n3.02<\/td>\n2.42<\/td>\n2.7<\/td>\n2.81<\/td>\n3.04<\/td>\n3.42<\/td>\n3.77<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.<\/td>\n2.88<\/td>\n2.18<\/td>\n2.41<\/td>\n2.69<\/td>\n2.89<\/td>\n3.13<\/td>\n3.57<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.<\/td>\n2.9<\/td>\n2.12<\/td>\n2.44<\/td>\n2.75<\/td>\n2.75<\/td>\n3.09<\/td>\n3.45<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.<\/td>\n2.69<\/td>\n2.15<\/td>\n2.07<\/td>\n2.69<\/td>\n2.32<\/td>\n2.57<\/td>\n3.03<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.<\/td>\n2.92<\/td>\n2.27<\/td>\n2.37<\/td>\n2.81<\/td>\n2.59<\/td>\n2.62<\/td>\n3.19<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.<\/td>\n3.7<\/td>\n2.75<\/td>\n3.3<\/td>\n3.19<\/td>\n3.7<\/td>\n3.19<\/td>\n4.14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13.<\/td>\n3.94<\/td>\n3.52<\/td>\n4.04<\/td>\n4.63<\/td>\n4.05<\/td>\n4.13<\/td>\n4.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14.<\/td>\n3.64<\/td>\n3.35<\/td>\n3.63<\/td>\n3.88<\/td>\n3.93<\/td>\n3.88<\/td>\n3.93<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15.<\/td>\n2.62<\/td>\n2.08<\/td>\n2.07<\/td>\n2.38<\/td>\n2.39<\/td>\n2.64<\/td>\n3.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n1.66<\/td>\n1.78<\/td>\n1.94<\/td>\n1.88<\/td>\n2.18<\/td>\n2.58<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
average<\/strong><\/td>\n3.03<\/strong><\/td>\n2.47<\/strong><\/td>\n2.63<\/strong><\/td>\n2.99<\/strong><\/td>\n2.91<\/strong><\/td>\n3.16<\/strong><\/td>\n3.44<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Average of spirituality-items of university students <\/strong>of seven Universities and Colleges<\/strong><\/p>\n

Table 5. Average of spirituality-items of university students<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
average<\/strong><\/td>\n1-TT-K<\/strong><\/td>\n2-GAMF<\/strong><\/td>\n3-P\u00c9CS<\/strong><\/td>\n4-TT-BAJA<\/strong><\/td>\n5-KINDER-G-
\nSUBOT<\/strong><\/td>\n		6-TT-
\nSUBOT<\/strong><\/td>\n		7-TM<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
male<\/td>\n2.69<\/td>\n2.34<\/td>\n2.94<\/td>\n2.37<\/td>\n2.51<\/td>\n3.14<\/td>\n3.16<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
female<\/td>\n3.04<\/td>\n2.6<\/td>\n2.58<\/td>\n3.27<\/td>\n2.97<\/td>\n3.16<\/td>\n3.53<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
total<\/td>\n3.03<\/td>\n2.47<\/td>\n2.63<\/td>\n2.99<\/td>\n2.91<\/td>\n3.16<\/td>\n3.44<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Average of spirituality-items of eight secondary school students, 2-GAMF-Kmt, 7-Targu Mures (Romania) seven university students <\/strong>and USA.<\/strong><\/p>\n

Table 6. Average of spirituality-items of university students. 8 secondary school students, (2) GAMF-Kmt, (7) Targu Mures (Romania). seven university students and an examination of USA.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\nDaily Spiritual Experience Scale<\/strong><\/td>\n8 SEC. SCHOOL<\/strong><\/td>\n2-GAMF<\/strong><\/td>\n7<\/strong>-TM<\/strong><\/td>\nSEVEN UNIV.<\/strong><\/td>\nUSA<\/strong><\/p>\n

2005<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

<\/td>\n<\/td>\n932<\/strong><\/td>\n130<\/strong><\/td>\n318<\/strong><\/td>\n803<\/strong><\/td>\n1 309<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
1.<\/td>\nI feel God\u2019s presence.<\/td>\n2.63<\/td>\n2.35<\/td>\n3.59<\/td>\n2.9<\/td>\n3.96<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
2.<\/td>\nI feel a connection to all of life.<\/td>\n2.7<\/td>\n2.73<\/td>\n2.51<\/td>\n2.85<\/td>\n3.91<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
3.<\/td>\nDuring worship, when connecting with God I feel joy which lifts me out of my daily concerns<\/td>\n2.41<\/td>\n2.18<\/td>\n3.45<\/td>\n2.74<\/td>\n3.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
4.<\/td>\nI feel strength in my religion or spirituality.<\/td>\n2.56<\/td>\n2.43<\/td>\n3.37<\/td>\n2.96<\/td>\n4.0<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
5.<\/td>\nI feel comfort in my religion or spirituality.<\/td>\n2.47<\/td>\n2.32<\/td>\n3.49<\/td>\n2.85<\/td>\n4.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
6.<\/td>\nI feel deep inner peace or harmony.<\/td>\n2.82<\/td>\n2.81<\/td>\n3.58<\/td>\n3.19<\/td>\n3.97<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
7.<\/td>\nI ask for God\u2019s help in the midst of daily activities.<\/td>\n2.87<\/td>\n2.42<\/td>\n3.77<\/td>\n3.03<\/td>\n3.89<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
8.<\/td>\nI feel guided by God in the midst of daily activities.<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n2.18<\/td>\n3.57<\/td>\n2.82<\/td>\n3.73<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
9.<\/td>\nI feel God\u2019s love for me directly.<\/td>\n2.64<\/td>\n2.12<\/td>\n3.45<\/td>\n2.79<\/td>\n3.96<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
10.<\/td>\nI feel God\u2019s love for me through others.<\/td>\n2.37<\/td>\n2.15<\/td>\n3.03<\/td>\n2.5<\/td>\n3.76<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
11.<\/td>\nI am spiritually touched by the beauty of creation.<\/td>\n2.35<\/td>\n2.27<\/td>\n3.19<\/td>\n2.68<\/td>\n4.30<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
12.<\/td>\nI feel thankful for my blessings.<\/td>\n3.14<\/td>\n2.75<\/td>\n4.14<\/td>\n3.54<\/td>\n4.88<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
13.<\/td>\nI feel a selfless caring for others.<\/td>\n3.64<\/td>\n3.52<\/td>\n4.04<\/td>\n4.07<\/td>\n4.14<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
14.<\/td>\nI accept others even when they do things I think are wrong.<\/td>\n3.59<\/td>\n3.35<\/td>\n3.93<\/td>\n3.75<\/td>\n4.09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
15.<\/td>\nI desire to be closer to God or in union wih the divine.<\/td>\n2.43<\/td>\n2.08<\/td>\n3.28<\/td>\n2.49<\/td>\n4.06<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16.<\/td>\nIn general how close do you feel to God?<\/td>\n1.87<\/td>\n1.66<\/td>\n2.58<\/td>\n2.0<\/td>\n2.6<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
mean<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/td>\n2.69<\/strong><\/td>\n2.47<\/strong><\/td>\n3.44<\/strong><\/td>\n2.95<\/strong><\/td>\n3.9<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The presence and lack of spiritual constructs<\/strong> of seven Universities and Colleges, according to the<\/strong> Daily Spiritual Experience Scale<\/strong><\/p>\n

Percentages of total respondents to the item.<\/p>\n

Table 7. The presence and lack of spiritual constructsof university students.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n1<\/strong>-TT-K<\/strong><\/td>\n2-GAMF<\/strong><\/td>\n3<\/strong>-P\u00c9CS<\/strong><\/td>\n4<\/strong>-TT-BAJA<\/strong><\/td>\n5<\/strong>-KIND-SUBOT<\/strong><\/td>\n6<\/strong>-TT-SUBOT<\/strong><\/td>\n7<\/strong>-TM<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
I. 1-2. present<\/td>\n36.07<\/td>\n27.36<\/strong><\/td>\n25.93<\/td>\n34.4<\/td>\n28.75<\/td>\n41.13<\/td>\n35.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n20.87<\/td>\n33.46<\/strong><\/td>\n31.48<\/td>\n25.0<\/td>\n20.53<\/td>\n13.12<\/td>\n20.28<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
II. 3. present<\/td>\n33.91<\/td>\n16.16<\/strong><\/td>\n18.51<\/td>\n37.5<\/td>\n28.57<\/td>\n37.59<\/td>\n44.02<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n35.65<\/td>\n46.15<\/strong><\/td>\n29.63<\/td>\n50.0<\/td>\n26.79<\/td>\n12.77<\/td>\n9.12<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
III. 4-5 present<\/td>\n40.0<\/td>\n23.35<\/strong><\/td>\n24.07<\/td>\n37.5<\/td>\n23.2<\/td>\n39.71<\/td>\n46.38<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n23.05<\/td>\n38.07<\/strong><\/td>\n27.78<\/td>\n31.25<\/td>\n17.86<\/td>\n12.77<\/td>\n11.32<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IV. 6. present<\/td>\n46.09<\/td>\n31.54<\/strong><\/td>\n22.21<\/td>\n50.0<\/td>\n37.49<\/td>\n44.68<\/td>\n47.17<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n10.43<\/td>\n20.0<\/strong><\/td>\n11.1<\/td>\n6.25<\/td>\n7.14<\/td>\n6.38<\/td>\n4.09<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
V. 7-8. present<\/td>\n38.69<\/td>\n18.07<\/strong><\/td>\n24.07<\/td>\n31.25<\/td>\n34.82<\/td>\n44.32<\/td>\n53.46<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n29.77<\/td>\n40.38<\/strong><\/td>\n27.78<\/td>\n31.25<\/td>\n16.07<\/td>\n10.99<\/td>\n8.8<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
VI. 9-10 present<\/td>\n33.47<\/td>\n14.99<\/strong><\/td>\n20.36<\/td>\n37.5<\/td>\n24.99<\/td>\n28.72<\/td>\n37.11<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n29.56<\/td>\n42.69<\/strong><\/td>\n37.03<\/td>\n37.37<\/td>\n30.36<\/td>\n19.15<\/td>\n13.99<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
VII. 11. present<\/td>\n36.52<\/td>\n23.08<\/strong><\/td>\n18.52<\/td>\n37.5<\/td>\n25.01<\/td>\n27.66<\/td>\n37.73<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n20.87<\/td>\n42.31<\/strong><\/td>\n29.63<\/td>\n31.25<\/td>\n28.57<\/td>\n22.7<\/td>\n13.52<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
VIII. 12. present<\/td>\n57.39<\/td>\n33.07<\/strong><\/td>\n48.15<\/td>\n43.75<\/td>\n55.35<\/td>\n63.82<\/td>\n77.33<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n19.13<\/td>\n30.0<\/strong><\/td>\n18.52<\/td>\n31.25<\/td>\n8.93<\/td>\n7.8<\/td>\n5.97<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IX. 13-14. present<\/td>\n63.47<\/td>\n51.54<\/strong><\/td>\n64.81<\/td>\n81.25<\/td>\n70.53<\/td>\n69.86<\/td>\n66.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n3.9<\/td>\n10.65<\/strong><\/td>\n0.0<\/td>\n3.12<\/td>\n1.79<\/td>\n0.35<\/td>\n2.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
X. 15. present<\/td>\n28.69<\/td>\n15.39<\/strong><\/td>\n11.11<\/td>\n18.75<\/td>\n21.43<\/td>\n26.95<\/td>\n41.82<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n35.65<\/td>\n50.0<\/strong><\/td>\n40.74<\/td>\n37.5<\/td>\n30.36<\/td>\n25.53<\/td>\n16.04<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16. present<\/td>\n27.33<\/td>\n13.84<\/strong><\/td>\n11.11<\/td>\n25.0<\/td>\n21.43<\/td>\n33.33<\/td>\n51.26<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n22.61<\/td>\n49.23<\/strong><\/td>\n37.04<\/td>\n37.5<\/td>\n35.71<\/td>\n20.57<\/td>\n13.21<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

The presence and lack of different spiritual <\/strong>construct<\/strong>s<\/strong> according to the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale (%)<\/strong><\/p>\n

Table 8. The presence and lack of spiritual constructs of 1. Eight Secondary schools, Hungary, 2. GAMF-Kmt, 3. TM, 4. Seven Universities and Colleges, Hungary, Romania, Serbia. 5. Teacher Traning College, Ny\u00edregyh\u00e1za, Hungary 6. USA. Percentages (%) of total respondents to the construct.<\/p>\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n
<\/td>\n1. Secondary schools<\/strong><\/td>\n2. GAMF<\/strong>–<\/strong><\/p>\n

Kmt<\/strong><\/td>\n

3.TM<\/strong><\/td>\n4.Universities & Colleges<\/strong><\/td>\n5.Teacher<\/strong> Training College NY-H\u00c1ZA<\/strong><\/td>\n6. USA<\/strong><\/p>\n

2004<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n

I. 1-2. present<\/td>\n29.83<\/td>\n27.36<\/td>\n35.7<\/td>\n32.76<\/td>\n30.85<\/td>\n36.25<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n30.73<\/td>\n33.46<\/td>\n20.28<\/td>\n23.53<\/td>\n25.35<\/td>\n17.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
II. 3. present<\/td>\n25.17<\/td>\n16.16<\/td>\n44.02<\/td>\n30.89<\/td>\n22.7<\/td>\n44.8<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n39.93<\/td>\n46.15<\/td>\n9.12<\/td>\n30.02<\/td>\n35.8<\/td>\n14.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
III. 4-5 present<\/td>\n26.71<\/td>\n23.35<\/td>\n46.38<\/td>\n33.46<\/td>\n22.85<\/td>\n63.0<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n38.12<\/td>\n38.07<\/td>\n11.32<\/td>\n23.15<\/td>\n36.65<\/td>\n19.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IV. 6. present<\/td>\n32.46<\/td>\n31.54<\/td>\n47.17<\/td>\n39.88<\/strong><\/td>\n29.4<\/td>\n34.1<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n21.08<\/td>\n20.0<\/td>\n4.09<\/td>\n9.34<\/td>\n19.0<\/td>\n14.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
V. 7-8. present<\/td>\n30.04<\/td>\n18.07<\/td>\n53.46<\/strong><\/td>\n34.95<\/td>\n32.4<\/td>\n41.7<\/strong><\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n34.0<\/td>\n40.38<\/td>\n8.8<\/td>\n23.58<\/td>\n30.9<\/td>\n19.85<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
VI. 9-10 present<\/td>\n26.8<\/td>\n14.99<\/td>\n37.11<\/td>\n28.16<\/td>\n23.4<\/td>\n37.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n37.88<\/td>\n42.69<\/td>\n13.99<\/td>\n29.59<\/td>\n38.26<\/td>\n17.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
VII. 11. present<\/td>\n20.05<\/td>\n23.08<\/td>\n37.73<\/td>\n29.43<\/td>\n18.2<\/td>\n25.7<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n49.08<\/td>\n42.31<\/td>\n13.52<\/td>\n26.98<\/td>\n38.9<\/td>\n20.3<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
VIII. 12. present<\/td>\n44.23<\/strong><\/td>\n33.07<\/td>\n77.33<\/strong><\/td>\n54.12<\/strong><\/td>\n45.3<\/strong><\/td>\n11.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n26.07<\/td>\n30.0<\/td>\n5.97<\/td>\n17.37<\/td>\n19.9<\/td>\n30.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
IX. 13-14. present<\/td>\n55.38<\/strong><\/td>\n51.54<\/strong><\/td>\n66.04<\/strong><\/td>\n66.79<\/strong><\/td>\n56.55<\/strong><\/td>\n28.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n10.55<\/td>\n10.65<\/td>\n2.2<\/td>\n3.14<\/td>\n3.15<\/td>\n12.4<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
X. 15. present<\/td>\n26.11<\/td>\n15.39<\/td>\n41.82<\/td>\n23.45<\/td>\n18.7<\/td>\n33.9<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n42.5<\/td>\n50.0<\/td>\n16.04<\/td>\n33.69<\/td>\n43.8<\/td>\n18.2<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
16. present<\/td>\n22.18<\/td>\n13.84<\/td>\n51.26<\/td>\n26.19<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n
absent<\/td>\n40.2<\/td>\n49.23<\/td>\n13.21<\/td>\n30.84<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n

Discussion<\/strong><\/p>\n

The presence and lack of the ten spiritual-constructs of seven Universities and Colleges according to the<\/strong> Daily Spiritual Experience Scale<\/strong><\/p>\n

    \n
  1. Connection with the divine or transcendent<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

    Connection with the divine is important in both Eastern and Western traditions and also in people\u2019s notions of \u201cspirituality\u201d in a more generic way. (Underwood, 2012)<\/strong><\/p>\n

      \n
    1. \u201cI feel God\u2019s presence\u201d<\/li>\n
    2. \u201cI feel a connection to all of life\u201d<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

      The presence rates of this item ranged between 14.29 (KINDER-G-SUBOT) and 44.23 (TT-SUBOT) among boys, and 26.09 (P\u00c9CS) and 40.9 (BAJA) among girls, and 25.93 (P\u00c9CS) and 41.13 (TT-SUBOT) among all students.<\/p>\n

      The lack rates of this item ranged between 12.15 (P\u00c9CS) and 50.0 (BAJA) among boys, and 12.17 (TT-SUBOT) and 34.78 (P\u00c9CS) among girls, and 13.12 (TT-SUBOT) and 33.46 (GAMF-Kmt) among all students.<\/p>\n

      The presence<\/strong> of \u201dI. Connection with the divine or transcendent\u201d<\/strong> was the worst\/lowest in P\u00c9CS, (25.93 %) and the best\/highest in the TT-SUBOT. (41.13%)<\/p>\n

      T<\/strong>he lack<\/strong> of this construct was the worst\/highest in the GAMF-Kmt. (33.46%) and the best\/lowest in the TT-SUBOT. (13.12%)<\/p>\n

        \n
      1. Transcendent sense of self<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

        This item was aimed at detecting moments of self-transcendence that were spiritual\/religious in nature. (Underwood, 2012)<\/strong><\/p>\n

          \n
        1. \u201dDuring worship, or at other times when connecting with God, I feel joy which lifts me out of my daily concerns\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

          The presence rates of this item ranged between 14.29 (KINDER-G-SUBOT) and 38.75 (TM) among boys, and 16.37 (GAMF-Kmt)) and 45.79 (TM) among girls, and 16.16 (GAMF-Kmt) and 44.02 (TT-SUBOT) among all students.<\/p>\n

          The lack rates of this item ranged between 18.75 (TM) and 80.0 (BAJA) among boys, and 5.88 (TM) and 38.1 (GAMF-Kmt) among girls, and 9.12 (TM) and 50.0 (BAJA) among all students.<\/p>\n

          The presence<\/strong> of \u201dII. Transcendent sense of self\u201d <\/strong>was the lowest in the GAMF-Kmt, (16.16 %) and the highest in TM. (44.02%)<\/p>\n

          T<\/strong>he lack<\/strong> of this construct was the highest in BAJA. (50.0%) and the lowest in TM. (9.12%)<\/p>\n

          III. Strength and comfort. FAITH<\/strong><\/p>\n

          Strength enabled people to be courageous, to step out in difficult situations and do what they would not ordinarily feel confident doing.<\/p>\n

          Comfort was reported to be associated with a feeling of safety in danger or in vulnerable situation and a general sense of security. (Underwood, 2012)<\/strong><\/p>\n

            \n
          1. \u201dI feel strength in my religion or spirituality\u201d.<\/li>\n
          2. \u201dI feel comfort in my religion or spirituality\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

            The presence rates of this item ranged between 14.29 (KINDER-G-SUBOT) and 50.0 (TT-SUBOT) among boys, and 23.9 (KINDER-G-SUBOT) and 48.11 (TM) among girls, and 23.2 (KINDER-G-SUBOT) and 46.38 (TM) among all students.<\/p>\n

            The lack rates of this item ranged between 14.29 (P\u00c9CS) and 60.0 (BAJA) among boys, and 9.24 (TM) and 32.6 (P\u00c9CS) among girls, and 11.32 (TM) and 38.07 (GAMF-Kmt) among all students.<\/p>\n

            The presence<\/strong> of \u201dIII.<\/strong> Strength and comfort. FAITH\u201d<\/strong> was the lowest in KINDER-G-SUBOT, (23.2 %) and the highest in TM. (46.38%)<\/p>\n

            T<\/strong>he lack<\/strong> of this construct was the highest in the GAMF-Kmt. (38.07%) and the lowest in TM. (11.32%)<\/p>\n

              \n
            1. Peace, harmony<\/strong><\/li>\n
            2. \u201dI feel deep inner peace or harmony.\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

              The presence rates of this item ranged between 25.0 (P\u00c9CS) and 50.0 (TT-Kmt) among boys, and 21.74 (P\u00c9CS) and 54.63 (BAJA) among girls, and 22.21 (P\u00c9CS) and 50.0 (BAJA) among all students.<\/p>\n

              The lack rates of this item ranged between 7.5 (TM) and 26.67 (GAMF-Kmt) among boys, and 2.94 (TM) and 13.04 (P\u00c9CS) among girls, and 4.09 (TT-SUBOT) and 20.0 (GAMF-Kmt) among all students.<\/p>\n

              The presence<\/strong> of \u201dIV. Peace, harmony\u201d <\/strong>was the lowest in P\u00c9CS, (22.21 %) and the highest in BAJA. (50.0%)<\/p>\n

              T<\/strong>he lack<\/strong> of this construct was the highest in the GAMF-Kmt. (20.0%) and the lowest in TM. (4.09%)<\/p>\n

                \n
              1. Divine help, divine inspiration. HOPE.<\/strong><\/li>\n
              2. \u201d I ask for God\u2019s help in the midst of daily activities\u201d.<\/li>\n
              3. \u201dI feel guided by God in the midst of daily activities\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                The presence rates of this item ranged between 12.5 (P\u00c9CS) and 41.87 (TM) among boys, and 19.09 (GAMF-Kmt) and 57.36 (TM) among girls, and 18.07 (GAMF-Kmt) and 53.46 (TM) among all students.<\/p>\n

                The lack rates of this item ranged between 17.3 (TT-SUBOT) and 60.0 (BAJA) among boys, and 5.25 (TM) and 32.72 (GAMF-Kmt) among girls, and 8.8 (TM) and 40.38 (GAMF-Kmt) among all students.<\/p>\n

                The presence<\/strong> of \u201dV. Divine help, divine inspiration. HOPE\u201d <\/strong>was the lowest in the GAMF-Kmt, (18.07 %) and the highest in TM. (53.46%)<\/p>\n

                T<\/strong>he lack<\/strong> of this construct was the highest in the GAMF-Kmt. (40.38%) and the lowest in TM. (8.8%)<\/p>\n

                  \n
                1. Divine guidance. Perceived love.<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                  Some people definitely found it easier to receive God\u2019s love directly, and others found it easier to receive God\u2019s love through others. (Underwood, 2012)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                    \n
                  1. \u201dI feel God\u2019s love for me, directly\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                    10.\u201dI feel God\u2019s love for me, through others\u201d.<\/p>\n

                    The presence rates of this item ranged between 12.05 (P\u00c9CS) and 32.5 (TM) among boys, and 12.73 (GAMF-Kmt) and 45.45 (BAJA) among girls, and 14.99 (GAMF-Kmt) and 37.5 (BAJA) among all students.<\/p>\n

                    The lack rates of this item ranged between 21.87 (TM) and 60.0 (BAJA) among boys, and 11.34 (TM) and 39.13 (P\u00c9CS) among girls, and 13.99 (TM) and 42.69 (GAMF-Kmt) among all students.<\/p>\n

                    The presence<\/strong> of \u201dVI. Divine guidance. Perceived love\u201d <\/strong>was the lowest in the GAMF-Kmt, (14.99 %) and the highest in BAJA. (37.5%)<\/p>\n

                    T<\/strong>he lack<\/strong> of this construct was the highest in the GAMF-Kmt. (42.69%) and the lowest in TM. (13.99%)<\/p>\n

                    VII. Perception of divine love<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      \n
                    1. \u201dI am spiritually touched by the beauty of creation\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                      The presence rates of this item ranged between 20.0 (BAJA) and 50.0 (P\u00c9CS) among boys, and 13.05 (P\u00c9CS) and 45.45 (BAJA) among girls, and 18.52 (P\u00c9CS) and 37.73 (TM) among all students.<\/p>\n

                      The lack rates of this item ranged between 20.0 (TM) and 60.0 (BAJA) among boys, and 11.34 (TM) and 37.78 (P\u00c9CS) among girls, and 13.52 (TM) and 42.31 (GAMF-Kmt) among all students.<\/p>\n

                      The presence<\/strong> of \u201dVII. Perception of divine love\u201d <\/strong>was the lowest in P\u00c9CS, (18.52 %) and the highest in TM. (37.73%)<\/p>\n

                      T<\/strong>he lack<\/strong> of this construct was the highest in the GAMF-Kmt. (42.31%) and the lowest in TM. (13.52%)<\/p>\n

                      VIII. Thankfulness, appreciation, gratitude<\/strong><\/p>\n

                      This item builds on gratefulness as a central feature in many religious traditions and in the spiritual life. The Psalms are full of an awareness of gratitude. (Underwood, 2012)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                        \n
                      1. \u201dI feel thankful for my blessings\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                        The presence rates of this item ranged between 20.0 (BAJA) and 61.53 (TT-SUBOT) among boys, and 40.01 (GAMF-Kmt) and 76.89 (TM) among girls, and 33.07 (GAMF-Kmt) and 77.33 (TM) among all students.<\/p>\n

                        The lack rates of this item ranged between 15.0 (TM) and 60.0 (BAJA) among boys, and 2.94 (TM) and 25.45 (GAMF-Kmt) among girls, and 5.97 (TM) and 31.25 (BAJA) among all students.<\/p>\n

                        The presence<\/strong> of \u201dVIII. Thankfulness, appreciation, gratitude\u201d <\/strong>was the lowest in the GAMF-Kmt, (33.07 %) and the highest in TM. (77.33%)<\/p>\n

                        T<\/strong>he lack<\/strong> of this constructs was the highest in BAJA. (31.25%) and the lowest in TM. (5.97%)<\/p>\n

                          \n
                        1. Compassionate love: spirituality in action<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                          Compassion emerges in many spiritual traditions as a central component in the spiritual life. This item applies across religious traditions and to the non-religious. (Underwood, 2012)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                            \n
                          1. \u201dI feel a selfless caring for others\u201d.<\/li>\n
                          2. \u201dI accept others even when they do things I think are wrong\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                            The presence rates of this item ranged between 47.33 (GAMF-Kmt) and 73.07 (TT-SUBOT) among boys, and 57.27 (GAMF-Kmt) and 86.36 (BAJA) among girls, and 51.54 (GAMF-Kmt) and 81.25 (BAJA) among all students.<\/p>\n

                            The lack rates of this item ranged between 3.12 (TM) and 12.67 (GAMF-Kmt) among boys, and 0.43 (TT-SUBOT) and 9.09 (GAMF-Kmt) among girls, and 0.35 (TT-SUBOT) and 10.65 (GAMF-Kmt) among all students.<\/p>\n

                            The presence<\/strong> of \u201dIX. Compassionate love: spirituality in action\u201d <\/strong>was the lowest in the GAMF-Kmt, (51.54 %) and the highest in BAJA. (81.25%)<\/p>\n

                            T<\/strong>he lack<\/strong> of this construct was the highest in the GAMF-Kmt, (10.65%) and the lowest in P\u00c9CS (0.0) and the TT-SUBOT, (0.35%)<\/p>\n

                              \n
                            1. Union and closeness<\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                              This items express frequency of the experience of desire for the divine and sense of closeness. (Underwood, 2012)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                \n
                              1. \u201dI desire to be closer to God or in union with the divine\u201d.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                The presence rates of this item ranged between 14.67 (GAMF-Kmt) and 38.75 (TM) among boys, and 8.7 (P\u00c9CS) and 42.86 (TM) among girls, and 11.11 (P\u00c9CS) and 41.82 (TM) among all students.<\/p>\n

                                The lack rates of this item ranged between 26.92 (TT-SUBOT) and 53.33 (GAMF-Kmt) among boys, and 11.76 (TM) and 47.83 (P\u00c9CS) among girls, and 16.04 (TM) and 50.0 (P\u00c9CS) among all students.<\/p>\n

                                The presence<\/strong> of \u201dX. Union and closeness\u201d <\/strong>was the lowest in P\u00c9CS, (11.11 %) and the highest in TM, (41.82%)<\/p>\n

                                T<\/strong>he lack<\/strong> of this construct was the highest in the GAMF-Kmt, (50.0%) and the lowest in the TM, (16.04%)<\/p>\n

                                  \n
                                1. \u201dIn general, how close do you feel to God? <\/strong><\/li>\n<\/ol>\n

                                  The presence rates of this item ranged between 14.29 (KINDER-G-SUBOT) and 50.0 (TT-Kmt) among boys, and 12.73 (GAMF-Kmt) and 54.62 (TM) among girls, and 11.11 (P\u00c9CS) and 51.26 (TM) among all students.<\/p>\n

                                  The lack rates of this item ranged between 25.0 (TT-Kmt) and 58.67 (GAMF-Kmt) among boys, and 8.82 (TM) and 43.48 (P\u00c9CS) among girls, and 13.21 (TM) and 49.23 (GAMF-Kmt) among all students.<\/p>\n

                                  The presence<\/strong> of \u201d16. <\/strong>In general, how close do you feel to God? <\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  was the lowest in the GAMF-Kmt, (11.11 %) and the highest in TM, (51.26%)<\/p>\n

                                  T<\/strong>he lack<\/strong> of this item was the highest in the GAMF-Kmt, (49.23%) and the lowest in the TM, (13.21%) (Underwood, 2006, 2012)<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  Conclusion<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  Although the spirituality has been seen as last taboo in psychiatry some psychiatrists think, that perception of the divine omniscience, the supernormal perception, illusion, religious emotions and sentiment, the spiritual body, miracles are in fact disturbances of perception or abnormal perception, accordingly psychotic symptoms. (Kalm\u00e1r 2014, 2017) <\/strong>Spirituality and the dimensions of spirituality are important protective factors of the development of sound personality, the prevention of mental disorders and self destructive behaviour.<\/p>\n

                                  The rates of spirituality of boys ranged between 2.37 (BAJA) and 3.16. (TM) The average of spirituality was 2.74. The rates of girls ranged between 2.58 (P\u00c9CS) and 3.53 (TM). The average rate of spirituality was 3.02 among the different universities. The rates of all students ranged between 2.47 (GAMF-Kmt; BAJA) and 3.44 (TM). The average was 2.95. The rates of spirituality was higher among University students than secondary school students. The presence (6-5-4 points) and lack (1 point) of spirituality show huge difference among the university students. The highest rate of presence was 45.12 among the boys in the TT-SUB, <\/strong>and 50.3 among the girls in BAJA. The highest rate of lack was 49.33 among the boys in BAJA, and 28.12 among the girls in the GAMF-Kmt. The rates of lack among all students ranged between 10.8 and 34.97. The highest rate was in GAMF-Kmt, the lowest rate was in TM.<\/p>\n

                                  The measure of spirituality is higher among the university students (2.98) than the secondary school students (2.69). This measure was 2.95 in Ny\u00edregyh\u00e1za and 3.9 in the USA. These thought provoking results showed that there is a huge difference in the spirituality among the different students.<\/p>\n

                                  References<\/strong><\/p>\n

                                  Cook C. Powell A. Sims A.<\/strong> (2009) Spirituality and Psychiatry Published by RCPsych Publications (via Turpin Distribution for the trade) www.rcpsych.ac.uk\/publications<\/a><\/p>\n

                                  Kalm\u00e1r S.<\/strong> (2014) Spirituality Level in eight Secondary Schools in Hungary. Al XII-lea Simpozion National al asociatiei Rom\u00e1ne de Studiu a Persoanlit\u00e1tii. Sibiu, 29 Mai-1 Iunie.<\/p>\n

                                  Kalm\u00e1r S.<\/strong> (2015) Examination of spirituality and the dimensions of spirituality among 932 students in eight different secondary schools. Hungary www.internetandpsychiatry.com<\/strong><\/a><\/p>\n

                                  Kalm\u00e1r S.<\/strong> A nevel\u00e9s szerepe az eg\u00e9szs\u00e9ges magatart\u00e1s kialak\u00edt\u00e1s\u00e1ban \u00e9s az \u00f6npuszt\u00edt\u00f3 magatart\u00e1s megel\u0151z\u00e9s\u00e9ben. Medicina K\u00f6nyvkiad\u00f3. 2017.<\/p>\n

                                  Pauwlik Zs. O. <\/strong>Szubjekt\u00edv \u00e9rt\u00e9kkateg\u00f3ri\u00e1k \u00e9s vall\u00e1soss\u00e1g\/spiritulit\u00e1s, mint a ment\u00e1lis eg\u00e9szs\u00e9g meghat\u00e1roz\u00f3 faktorai f\u0151iskolai hallgat\u00f3kn\u00e1l. Doktori (PhD) \u00c9rtekez\u00e9s, Debreceni Egyetem. 2008.<\/p>\n

                                  Underwood Lynn G. Teresi J.A<\/strong>. (2002) The Daily Spiritual Experience Scale: Development, Theoretical Description, Reliability, Exploratory Factor Analysis, and Preliminary Construct Validity Using Health Related Data. Ann Behav Med,<\/em> 24(1): 22-33.<\/p>\n

                                  Underwood, LG. <\/strong>(2006) Ordinary Spiritual Experience: Qualitative Research, Interpretive Guidelines, and Population Distribution for the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale.\u201dArchive for the Psychology of Religion\/ Archiv f\u00fcr Religionspsychologie\u201d Volume 28, Number 1, 2006, pp. 181-218.<\/p>\n

                                  Underwood LG<\/strong>. 2012. Using the Daily Spiritual Experience Scale to Improve Patient Care. \u201dPersonality and Spirituality\u201d. Normal and pathological personality between biological and spiritual dimension. Tirgu Mures. 30 May-2 June, 2012.<\/p>\n\n

                                  \n <\/div>\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

                                  S\u00e1ndor Kalm\u00e1r, M.D., Ph.D. Introduction This study is based on a part of an International Survey. In 2012-2013 Professor Aurel Nirestean, Emese Luk\u00e1cs (Tirgu Mures, Romania) and our colleagues made an examination in eight secondary schools and seven Universities in three countries. This article contains the examination of spirituality among university students. \u201dSpirituality is a […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[62],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1843","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-research-papers","has-post-title","has-post-date","has-post-category","has-post-tag","has-post-comment","has-post-author",""],"builder_content":"","_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.internetandpsychiatry.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1843","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.internetandpsychiatry.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.internetandpsychiatry.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.internetandpsychiatry.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.internetandpsychiatry.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1843"}],"version-history":[{"count":35,"href":"https:\/\/www.internetandpsychiatry.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1843\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":1878,"href":"https:\/\/www.internetandpsychiatry.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1843\/revisions\/1878"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.internetandpsychiatry.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1843"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.internetandpsychiatry.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1843"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.internetandpsychiatry.com\/wp\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1843"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}